TOPIK grammar
205 Korean grammar points from level 1 to 6: meaning, usage, translated examples and TOPIK test notes.
Level 1 · 32
- N입니다 / N입니까?to be (formal)
- N이에요 / N예요to be (polite informal)
- N이/가 아니다is not (noun)
- 이/가subject particle
- 은/는topic / contrast particle
- 을/를object particle
- N에 (thời gian, nơi chốn)at / in / to (time, place)
- N에서at (place of action), from
- N도also, too
- N만only, just
- N의of, 's (possessive)
- N와/과, N하고, N(이)랑and, with
- N에게 / N한테 / N께to (a person)
- N부터 N까지 / N에서 N까지from … to / until …
- N(으)로by, with, toward
- -아요/어요polite informal ending
- -ㅂ니다/습니다formal polite ending
- -았/었-past tense
- -(으)ㄹ 거예요will (plan, guess)
- -고 싶다want to
- 안 / -지 않다not (negation)
- 못 / -지 못하다cannot
- -(으)세요please do (polite command); honorific
- -아/어 주세요please do (for me)
- -고and, and then
- -지만but
- -(으)러 가다/오다go/come (in order) to
- -(으)ㄹ 수 있다/없다can / cannot
- -(으)ㅂ시다let's (formal)
- -(으)ㄹ까요?shall we? / do you think…?
- -고 있다be -ing (progressive)
- N보다 (더)than (comparison)
Level 2 · 39
- -아/어서 (lý do)because, so
- -아/어서 (trình tự)and then (linked actions)
- -(으)니까since, because
- -(으)면if, when
- -(으)면서while (doing two things)
- -기 전에before (doing)
- -(으)ㄴ 후에 / 다음에after (doing)
- -고 나서after finishing
- -(으)ㄹ 때when, at the time
- -는 동안(에)while, during
- -는데 / -(으)ㄴ데and/but (background), so
- -아/어야 하다/되다must, have to
- -아/어도 되다may, it's okay to
- -(으)면 안 되다must not
- -지 마세요 / -지 맙시다don't
- -아/어 보다try (doing)
- -(으)ㄴ 적이 있다/없다have (never) done
- -기로 하다decide / agree to
- -(으)려고 하다intend to, be about to
- -(으)려고in order to
- -게 되다come to, end up, get to
- V-는 + Npresent verb modifier
- V-(으)ㄴ / A-(으)ㄴ + Npast verb / adjective modifier
- -(으)ㄹ + Nfuture / prospective modifier
- -겠-will (intention); must be (conjecture)
- -(으)ㄹ게요I'll … (promise to the listener)
- -(으)ㄹ래요I'd like to / would you like to
- -네요oh, … ! (discovery, exclamation)
- -지요 (-죠)right?, isn't it? (confirmation)
- -(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 것 같다it seems, I think
- -기 때문에 / N 때문에because (of)
- A-아/어지다become, get (adjective)
- -거나 / N(이)나or
- -(으)ㄴ 지 (시간)이 되다/지나다it has been (time) since
- -아/어 있다be (in a resulting state)
- -(으)ㄹ 줄 알다/모르다know / not know how to
- -(으)시-subject honorific
- 께서 / 께서는 / 께honorific particles
- N밖에 + phủ địnhonly, nothing but
Level 3 · 41
- -는 바람에because (something unexpected) happened
- -(으)ㄴ/는 김에while (I'm) at it
- -다가while doing … (then switch)
- -았/었다가did … and then (reversed / changed)
- -(으)ㄹ수록the more … the more
- -더라고요I noticed that … (recollection)
- -던 + Nused to / was doing (retrospective)
- -았/었던 + Nthat (once) was / did
- -(으)ㄴ/는데도even though, despite
- -아/어도even if, even though
- -도록so that; until; to the point that
- -게 (mục đích, cách thức)so that; -ly (adverb)
- -기 위해(서) / N을/를 위해(서)in order to, for
- -(으)ㄹ 테니까since (I will / it will probably) …
- -(으)ㄹ 텐데it would probably …, (so/but)
- -잖아요you know (as you are aware)
- -거든요you see, … (giving a reason)
- -(으)ㄴ/는 편이다tend to be, rather
- -(으)ㄹ 뻔하다almost, nearly (did)
- -(으)ㄹ 만하다worth doing, decent enough
- -나 보다 / -(으)ㄴ가 보다it seems (judging from evidence)
- -(으)ㄹ지도 모르다might, may
- -(으)ㄴ/는 대신(에)instead of; in exchange
- -는 대로as soon as; just as
- -자마자as soon as
- -는 중이다 / N 중in the middle of
- -아/어 버리다end up, completely (finished)
- -아/어 놓다 / 두다do in advance (and keep)
- -다고 하다(someone) says that
- -냐고 하다/묻다(someone) asks whether/what
- -(으)라고 하다tell (someone) to
- -자고 하다suggest (that we)
- -대요 / -래요 / -냬요 / -재요they say, I heard (contracted)
- Bị động -이/히/리/기-passive voice (be done)
- Sai khiến -이/히/리/기/우/구/추-causative (make / let someone do)
- -게 하다make / let (someone) do
- -(으)ㄴ/는 척하다pretend
- -(으)ㄹ 정도로 / 정도이다to the extent that
- -느라고because (I was busy) doing
- -(으)면 좋겠다 / -았/었으면 좋겠다I wish, I hope
- -(으)ㄹ 걸 (그랬다)I should have
Level 4 · 40
- -(으)ㄴ 나머지so … that (as a result of excess)
- -(으)ㄴ/는 셈이다it amounts to, practically
- -기 마련이다be bound to, naturally
- -(으)ㄹ 뿐(만) 아니라not only … but also
- -(으)ㄴ/는 탓에 / N 탓because of (blame)
- -(으)ㄴ 덕분에 / N 덕분에thanks to
- -는 한as long as
- -(으)ㄹ 겸 / N 겸 Nboth to … and to; cum
- -고 말다end up (regrettably); will surely
- -기는커녕 / N은/는커녕far from, let alone
- -(으)ㄴ/는 반면(에)whereas, on the other hand
- -(으)ㄹ 리(가) 없다there's no way that
- -(으)ㄹ 수밖에 없다have no choice but to
- -기 십상이다be very likely to (something bad)
- -(으)ㄹ 지경이다be on the verge of, to the point of
- -는 법이다it's natural that, that's how it is
- -다시피as you know / see
- -더니(I saw that) … and then
- -았/었더니(I) did … and found / so
- -다(가) 보면if you keep doing …, (you'll)
- -다(가) 보니(까)as I kept doing …, (I found)
- -(으)ㄴ 채(로)with (it) still …, as is
- -는 길에on the way
- -더라도even if (hypothetical)
- -아/어 봤자even if you …, it's no use
- -(으)ㄹ 뿐이다it's just / only
- -(으)ㄹ걸요I bet, probably (guess)
- -(으)ㄴ/는 모양이다it appears that
- -(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 듯하다it seems (written style)
- -기 나름이다 / N 나름이다it depends on (how one does)
- -(으)ㄴ/는 데다(가)on top of, in addition to
- -(으)ㄴ/는 이상now that, since (it's a given)
- -기 일쑤이다often (end up doing, habitually)
- -(으)므로because, since (formal written)
- -(으)ㄹ 게 뻔하다it's obvious that (it will)
- -는 통에because of (a commotion)
- -(으)ㄹ까 봐(서)(for) fear that, in case
- -(ㄴ/는)다면if (hypothetical)
- -고자 (하다)in order to, intend to (formal)
- -(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 만큼 / N만큼as much as; since
Level 5 · 28
- -기에 망정이지it's a good thing … otherwise
- -(으)ㄹ 따름이다merely, nothing but (formal)
- -(으)ㄴ들even if … (what use is it?)
- -(으)련만would …, and yet
- -는 마당에in a situation where, now that
- -(으)ㄹ 법하다be likely, it's plausible that
- -기 그지없다extremely, beyond measure
- -(으)ㄹ 나위(가) 없다there's no need / room to
- -는 한이 있더라도even if it means
- -(으)ㄹ망정even though / rather … than
- -거니와not only … but also; granted that
- -(으)ㄴ/는 터라since (given the situation)
- -기로서니granted that …, (still how could)
- -(으)ㄴ 끝에 / N 끝에after (a long process of)
- -기(가) 무섭게no sooner … than
- -자니if I try to … (then)
- N에 불과하다be no more than, merely
- N(으)로 인해(서) / 인한 Ndue to, caused by (formal)
- N을/를 비롯해(서) / 비롯한 Nincluding, starting with
- -(으)ㄹ뿐더러not only … but (also)
- -(으)며and; while (written)
- -는가 하면while some …, others …
- -(으)ㄹ 겨를이 없다have no time to
- -(으)ㄹ 리(가) 만무하다there is absolutely no way
- -(으)ㄴ/는 가운데amid, while
- -는 둥 마는 둥 (하다)half-heartedly, barely
- -(으)ㄹ 바에(야/는)if (I'm going to) …, I'd rather
- -느니 (차라리)rather than
Level 6 · 25
- -(으)ㄹ진대given that, since (literary)
- -건대as I think / see / hope
- -(으)ㄹ지언정even if …, (I) would rather
- -(으)ㄴ즉 / N인즉upon (doing), it turned out; as for
- -다시피 하다practically, almost (do)
- -기 이를 데 없다beyond words, utterly
- -(으)ㄹ라치면whenever I try to …, (then)
- -(으)ㄴ/는 셈 치고treating it as if, assuming
- -느니만 못하다be worse than (not doing)
- -(으)되but; provided that
- -거늘since …, how much more / and yet
- -(으)ㄹ 성싶다it seems likely, I suspect
- -(으)ㄴ/는 감이 있다it feels somewhat (too)
- -다 못해unable to keep …; so … it becomes
- -(으)ㄹ 소지가 있다 / N의 소지have the potential to (cause a problem)
- N을/를 막론하고regardless of
- N을/를 불문하고irrespective of
- N을/를 무릅쓰고in the face of, braving
- N에 힘입어owing to, boosted by
- -(으)ㅁ에도 불구하고 / N에도 불구하고despite, in spite of
- -(으)리라will, shall (resolve / conjecture, literary)
- -노라면if one keeps on … (literary)
- -느니만큼 / -(으)니만큼since, inasmuch as
- -(으)ㅁ으로써by (doing), through
- -(으)ㄴ/는 바what, that which; since (formal)