-(으)ㄴ/는 이상
now that, since (it's a given)
ระดับ 4 · คำเชื่อมประโยค
คำอธิบาย
Once the first clause is a fact, the second follows as a matter of course. Past verbs take (으)ㄴ 이상, present 는 이상; nouns 인 이상. The main clause is often -아/어야 하다 or -(으)ㄹ 수밖에 없다.
ตัวอย่าง
약속을 한 이상 지켜야 합니다.
Now that you've promised, you must keep it.
학생인 이상 공부를 열심히 해야지요.
As a student, you should study hard.
계약서에 서명한 이상 취소하기 어렵다.
Once you've signed the contract, it's hard to cancel.
ข้อสังเกต TOPIK
TOPIK II Reading 16–18, 28–31.