-(으)ㄴ/는 바
what, that which; since (formal)
ระดับ 6 · คำขยาย
คำอธิบาย
(1) A dependent noun 'what/that which' (느낀 바, 앞서 말한 바와 같이); (2) -(으)ㄴ/는바 (written together) as a connective 'since, accordingly' in official texts. Present verbs take 는 바, past (으)ㄴ 바, prospective (으)ㄹ 바.
ตัวอย่าง
앞에서 언급한 바와 같이 예산이 부족하다.
As mentioned above, the budget is insufficient.
이번 여행에서 느낀 바가 많다.
I gained a lot from this trip.
조사를 실시한바 다음과 같은 결과가 나왔다.
A survey was conducted, and the results were as follows.
ข้อสังเกต TOPIK
TOPIK II Reading 44–50; Writing 53 (조사한 바에 따르면…).