-거늘
since …, how much more / and yet
Level 6 · Penghubung
Penjelasan
States a fact as a premise for a stronger conclusion (often with 하물며) or to criticise something contrary. Attaches to the stem; past -았/었거늘. Archaic, literary.
Contoh
짐승도 은혜를 알거늘 하물며 사람이야.
Even animals know gratitude, let alone people.
그토록 당부했거늘 결국 약속을 어기고 말았다.
I begged him so earnestly, and yet he broke his promise.
작은 일에도 정성을 다해야 하거늘 큰일에 소홀할 수 있겠는가.
If even small tasks deserve care, how can we neglect big ones?
Catatan TOPIK
TOPIK II Reading 42–43 and 44–47.